Some people refer to controlled variables as "constant variables." Similar to our example, most experiments have more than one controlled variable. So, you should keep all the other variables the same (you control them) so that you can see only the effect of the one variable (the independent variable) that you are trying to test. For instance, maybe the little dog eats more because it is hungrier that day, maybe the big dog does not like the dog food offered, or maybe all dogs will eat more wet dog food than dry dog food. Why? If you did not, then other explanations could be given for differences you observe in how much they eat. For example, in the dog experiment example, you would need to control how hungry the dogs are at the start of the experiment, the type of food you are feeding them, and whether the food was a type that they liked. Controlled variables are quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant, and she or he must observe them as carefully as the dependent variables. What is a Control Variable?Įxperiments also have controlled variables. The number of dependent variables in an experiment varies, but there can be more than one. If there is a direct link between the two types of variables (independent and dependent) then you may be uncovering a cause and effect relationship. It is called the "dependent" variable because we are trying to figure out whether its value depends on the value of the independent variable. This is what we are observing and measuring. In our dog example, the dependent variable is how much the dogs eat. The dependent variables are the things that the scientist focuses his or her observations on to see how they respond to the change made to the independent variable. If you are new to doing science projects and want to know the effect of changing multiple variables, do multiple tests where you focus on one independent variable at a time. To be clear though, for a science fair, it is usually wise to have only one independent variable at a time. Older students are invited to read more about that in ourĮxperimental Design for Advanced Science Projects page. Sometimes it is impossible to just change one variable, and in those cases, scientists rely on more-complicated mathematical analysis and additional experiments to try to figure out what is going on. The data might get a bit confusing- did the larger dog eat less food than the smaller dog because of his size or because it was the middle of the day and dogs prefer to eat more in the morning? For example, what if our scientific question was: "How does the size of a dog affect how much food it eats?" then, during your feeding experiments you changed both the size of the dog and the time of day the dogs were fed.
Why just one? Well, if you changed more than one variable it would be hard to figure out which change is causing what you observe.
The independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist. An experiment usually has three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and controlled. A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. The things that are changing in an experiment are called variables. In other words, scientists design an experiment so that they can observe or measure if changes to one thing cause something else to vary in a repeatable way. Cause and effect relationships explain why things happen and allow you to reliably predict what will happen if you do something. In doing so, they use experiments to search for cause and effect relationships. Scientists try to figure out how the natural world works.